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Now that we've covered the basic principles and typical evolution paths of a firefight, let's move on to the general concepts of attacking and defending. To start with, we'll cover attacking.
Principles of Attacking 
Sitting back and firing at the enemy can only accomplish so much. To take and hold ground requires that the infantry moves to it and decisively engages and drives out or kills any enemy occupiers. To accomplish this, the assaulting infantry must be covered by friendly troops who are able to put effective fires on the enemy while they maneuver towards the objective. There is no quote that I've ever found that sums this concept up better than the following one.
Or, to put it in other words, you won't decide a battle by sitting back and firing at the enemy. You cannot win by simply rushing at him, either. The two must be combined to get the desired effects - maneuver done under the cover of effective friendly support is the key to a successful assault.
Reconnaissance
Recon is the first phase of any attack. To attack the enemy, one must know where they are - to attack them effectively, one must know where they are before they know that you're there, with as much detail as possible, so that the knowledge can be leveraged to increase friendly chances for success.
The specific goals of recon were described earlier in the "Find" section of "Anatomy of a Firefight".
Isolation
The main point of isolating the enemy is that you want to ensure that the enemy is cut off from reinforcements or escape. Isolation should be done to the best degree possible, but due to various combat considerations it may not always be completely feasible to fully isolate an objective.
Isolating an objective can be accomplished in a number of ways. A great deal of it depends upon the forces available, enemy strength, and the terrain being fought in. Proper recon goes a long way towards getting effective isolation established, as it allows you to discover the enemy dispositions before shots have been fired.
Emplace heavier weapons where they can cover likely retreat paths. Plot artillery, if available, to cover likely avenues of escape or potential fall-back positions that the enemy might move to after coming under attack. Priority for artillery goes first to pounding the enemy position directly, so simply plot these as secondary targets and call them if needed.
In general, the attacking force will do the best it can to isolate the enemy position. Remember that leaving a gap that the enemy thinks they can escape from can be a very effective tactic - once pressure has been applied, they may break and run, at which point they can be cut to ribbons due to having already occupied their escape route with friendly elements without them knowing.
Preparation
Preparation is basically the act of blowing the hell out of the enemy to the best of your ability before ever starting the assault. "Prepping" the objective is done via all manner of fires.
Preparation can be done via artillery fire, close air support strikes, or crew-served weapons like the Mk-19. Mortar squads, if available, can be very effective in this role due to their proximity to the infantry they're supporting.
When possible, preparatory fires should be maintained during the assault element's movement. They should shift just before the assault elements arrive at the objective, so that the enemy has little time to recover from the artillery and the shock and confusion effects of it are maximized. We have seen in the past (in OFP as well as ArmA) that this is extremely important - one assault of note was broken due to the enemy relaxing their mortar fire for just long enough that the defenders were able to reorganize into a hasty defense and take the assault teams under fire while they were still crossing dangerous ground.
Surprise
There will be times when it will be more important to attack with surprise than to spend time preparing the objective with fire. Attacking suddenly, with violence and speed of action, and with surprise on your side, can be a force multiplier that can outweigh any effects that might otherwise be achieved by preparation of the objective with fires. The call is ultimately up to the commander ordering the assault - typically the Platoon Commander.
Flexibility
In consideration of the combat truism that "No plan survives first contact with the enemy", it's important that an attacking force remains flexible. The situation may develop in any number of unexpected fashions, requiring that all leaders are able to shift gears mid-attack in order to respond to unexpected developments or take advantage of sudden weaknesses in the enemy.
"Semper Gumby", as they say.
OCOKA in the Attack
Aspects to Consider
To conduct a successful attack, it is necessary for leaders to 'read' the terrain and use it to construct a solid attack plan that takes into consideration the important tactical aspects of said terrain. To do this, one utilizes the OCOKA acronym, as described earlier in the "Leadership" section of this guide.
Let's go ahead and take a look at OCOKA and how some of the considerations relate to the conduct of a successful attack.
Observation & Fields of Fire
- Where can base-of-fire or support-by-fire positions be located?
- Hills and elevated positions are generally preferred, but bear in mind that the enemy may be able to predict likely BOF/SBF positions and have them covered by defensive weapons.
- What units should the BOF/SBF consist of, based on the terrain, enemy force, friendly deployments, etc?
- Sometimes it is as simple as placing a given squad or fireteam in such a position. At other times it may be beneficial to strip the automatic riflemen from several elements and have them consolidate to form a more powerful BOF/SBF.
- Where are the best places to observe the enemy defenses and dispositions?
- Are there any positions that might be suitable for a single person to observe and provide recon from, that otherwise would not be viable to use? Placing an individual scout on an unlikely vantage point can work well if the enemy isn't expecting it.
- Knowing what the enemy dispositions are like before coming into contact is a major goal that should be striven for in every attack.
- Where is the best position to observe the assault and coordinate the actions of the assault and support elements?
- A leader who can observe the assault and control it - note 'control', and not 'micromanage' - tends to result in a more successful fight.
- What areas is the enemy likely to be covering with fire? What areas are they most likely to be observing?
- Can they be avoided? If not, can the risks be reduced with smoke or more cautious movement methods?
Cover & Concealment
- What kind of cover and concealment does the enemy have at their positions?
- Where are they most likely to be positioned because of their available cover and concealment?
- Are there enterable buildings in their sector? If so, you can generally expect those to be fortified into strongpoints.
- What kind of cover and concealment is available around the enemy positions that can be exploited when attacking?
- Anything that offers decent concealment can greatly reduce the effectiveness of enemy fire.
- Microterrain - such as shallow depressions, ditches, etc - can provide defilade from enemy observation and fire, allowing attackers to move close to an enemy position without being exposed to fire. They are often covered by enemy indirect assets - however, those indirect assets will typically only fire when enemies are known or suspected to be in the defilade, so if stealth is maintained, they can be very safe ways to approach.
- How does the available cover and concealment influence tactics like fire & maneuver, and overall command and control?
- Dense terrain tends to turn a fight into a series of close-range firefights as different elements become engaged independently, which in turn generally progresses at a slower pace. Casualties can be higher in denser terrain.
- More open terrain tends to allow for the fight to be conducted at the ideal level, with each element supporting other elements in the attack, allowing for a faster battle pace and more maneuver opportunities. Open terrain also maximizes the effects of the support-by-fire/base-of-fire elements, allowing the assaulting teams to be supported for longer, which helps to reduce casualties.
Obstacles
- Has the enemy fortified their positions with obstacles?
- If so, can the obstacles be avoided?
- If not, what sort of trouble might they cause for the assaulting troops? How can these risks be minimized?
- Is it possible to breach the obstacles?
- Satchel charges are great general-purpose breaching tools, assuming that friendly forces have been outfitted with them.
- Anti-tank weapons can be used to breach some obstacles in a pinch as well, from a stand-off location.
- Where is the enemy likely to be observing and covering the obstacles from?
- Can smoke be employed to mask any potential enemy supporting forces while the obstacles are being negotiated or reduced?
- If so, can the obstacles be avoided?
Key or Decisive Terrain
- Are there any pieces of terrain, structures, etc, that can be used or seized, which will result in the enemy being significantly hurt by it?
- Tall buildings are often key terrain
- Mission objectives likewise are key terrain
- Positions that offer good vantage points over the enemy defenses are always key terrain for an attacker
- Are there any pieces of terrain, structures, etc, that are significant to the point that the enemy is likely to be occupying or protecting them with more troops than elsewhere?
- Enterable buildings are often seen as decisive terrain for the enemy to occupy. The more windows and angles from which they can observe from a single building, the more likely it will be integrated into their defensive plans.
Avenues of Approach
- What are the most concealed approaches to the enemy position?
- How many attackers could use any given approach at once?
- Are there multiple approaches that would allow for several teams to attack along different avenues at the same 16:09:53
- What approaches are the enemy most likely to cover?
- Is a feint possible? If the enemy expects an attack to come from an obvious position, making some noise from that position (ie: firing from it with a small distraction force) can occupy them and make them believe that an attack is imminent from an expected location. Note that this effect only lasts for a few minutes - after a bit, they will start to wonder why the full attack isn't happening, and start paying more attention elsewhere.
- What approaches may not be ideal, yet may be neglected by the defenders?
- If they don't expect to be attacked from a specific direction, they may not observe that area very well, or at all.
- Sometimes being audacious and attacking over an unlikely route can result in shock and surprise on the enemy's part, increasing the likelihood of friendly success.
Bear in mind that those are not the only things one must consider, but are instead the most common considerations. OCOKA is a great mnemonic to learn and use, and the proper consideration of the various elements of it can mean the difference between a successful attack and a defeat.
Elements of an Attack
Moving on, we'll look at the elements involved in the average attack. Attacks have three elements to them - the assault, support, and security elements. Let's take a look at what the responsibilities of each are in further detail.
Assault Element
The assault element is composed of the forces that will be closing with and destroying the enemy by fire and movement. They advance under the covering fire of the support element as far as they can as quickly as possible, then when within effective range of the enemy fire they begin to move via bounds and individual rushes towards and ultimately into the enemy position.
The assault element should try to move through covered and concealed routes as long as possible to maximize the surprise and shock of their attack and minimize the time they're exposed to enemy observation and fire. This is particularly important during single- or double-envelopments (described in the next section).
The assault element attacks with speed and intensity and avoids getting bogged down. The assault element cannot afford to get stuck out in the open and must be prepared to leave their wounded and dead where they fall and let follow-on forces tend to them, in order to maintain the momentum of their attack.
Support Element
The support element is the one that provides the "base of fire" that covers the advance of the assault element(s). The position occupied by a support team is typically referred to as a "support by fire" position, SBF, or "base of fire" position, BOF.
The key thing for the support element is that it must have the ability to provide a high volume of fire. This is often more dependent on the weapons that it employs, versus the number of personnel in it. Placing extra machineguns in the support element helps to facilitate this volume.
A general rule-of-thumb you'll find referenced in military pubs is that the support element should be 2/3rds of the force, with the assault element comprising the last 1/3rd. We've found through our experiences that this should not be strictly observed - in some situations, it is appropriate, whereas at other times it will be important to have a large assault force so that the objective can be swarmed over with a large force in short order. It's up to the attack planner (typically the platoon commander or a squad leader) to make the call as to how big each element is. Fortunately, the USMC squad and platoon structures allow for a 2/1 assault/support or 1/2 assault/support ratio to be easily managed.
The support element should be prepared to cease or shift fires once the assault teams have closed on the objective to ensure that they do not have a friendly-fire incident.
Note that crew-served teams are always placed in the support element.
Security Element
A security element provides local security for forces during the assault. This typically means that they are focused on preventing exterior enemy forces from disrupting the conduct of the assault on an enemy position. The security element is the first line of observation for and defense against any spoiling attacks the enemy may attempt.
Security elements can also be merged in with the support element as part of the base of fire.
Types of Attacks
Now that we know what the different attack elements are, let's take a look at the what the different types of attacks are.
Frontal Attack ("CHAAAAARGE!")
Frontal attacks are the most basic of attacks. A frontal attack is done against the weakest position that can be located on an enemy's front, taking advantage of all of the terrain, cover, and concealment that can be found, and creating artificial concealment via artillery fires, smoke, etc when possible.
The success of a frontal attack depends entirely upon how effectively the enemy can be suppressed. A combination of well-placed smoke and heavy machinegun fire can turn a suicidal assault into something that actually has a chance of being successful, whereas the lack of such support will leave the assault teams torn to shreds and bleeding their lives out before they've even reached the enemy.
Frontal attacks are usually done because there is neither the time, ability, or practicality of pulling off a more elaborate attack. Frontal attacks can be costly in virtual lives and are best avoided unless the situation can be made to greatly favor the attacking force. This can be done via good support-by-fire (SBF) positions, effective usage of smoke, and good individual movement techniques with suitable cover and concealment on the approach route.
When possible, a frontal attack should be pulled off with as much surprise and/or fire support as can be mustered. Every potential force multiplier must be brought into play to increase the odds of success.
Single Envelopment ("flank attack")
The single envelopment is where the base-of-fire element suppresses the enemy while the assault element moves around to a vulnerable flank and attacks.
As with any multi-element coordinated attack, the support element (aka base-of-fire) should be prepared to shift or cease fire to avoid inflicting friendly casualties once the assault element is on the objective.
It is important that the assault element attempts to maneuver in a way that masks it from observation for as long as possible. Shock and surprise are large force multipliers and will greatly enhance the effectiveness of any attack.
Double Envelopment ("pincer")
A double envelopment attacks both flanks of the enemy at once while hammering the enemy with the support element's fires. This can be a very effective form of attack, as long as the assault elements are aware of the risk of friendly fire and refrain from using indiscriminate ordnance on the objective (for instance, throwing frags in the direction of the opposite assault element is a bad idea).
Bear in mind that the timing of the two elements striking the enemy can have a large influence on their reaction. If both flanks are attacked simultaneously, the enemy will be thrown into confusion. If one flank is attacked first, the enemy may shift to defend it, leaving the other flank more vulnerable but increasing the risk to that initial assault element.
Deep Envelopment
A deep envelopment is done when the situation and enemy disposition makes it possible for an element to pass by the enemy's flank security and strike them from behind. This sort of attack effectively splits the enemy's attention between two completely opposite directions.
The main consideration when utilizing this tactic is that careful coordination is maintained between the two primary elements. If this coordination is not established and kept, friendly fire incidents will inevitably occur as the two elements begin to work their ways through opposite sides of the enemy position.
If the numbers are present to support it, the deep envelopment can be one of the most effective attack types. However, if the numbers are not available, it is better to stick to a more shallow envelopment, since the support element can cover the maneuver element more effectively that way, and the two elements are not cut off from each other entirely.
Note also that a deep envelopment is best done by flanking the enemy on only one side. Trying to split the assault element into two elements to send them around opposite sides to link up behind the enemy is asking for trouble.
With that, we close out the attacking section. Next up, defending.
